Guide to Shop Cnc Machining Milling Machinery in HONSCN
Honscn Co.,Ltd aims to produce the best ever cnc machining milling machinery and becomes the leading supplier of it. It is widely and consistently appraised for its practicality and high performance cost ratio. With high-performance materials adopted, it is of an affordable price but is also proved to be extremely functional and durable in use.
There is no doubt that our HONSCN products have helped us to consolidate our position in the market. After we launch products, we will always improve and update the performance of the product based on the users' feedback. Thus, the products are of high quality, and customers' needs are satisfied. They have attracted more and more customers from both home and abroad. It results in growing sales volume and brings higher re-purchase rate.
We work hard to provide unparalleled levels of service and prompt support. And we offer cnc machining milling machinery and other products listed at Honscn with the most competitive MOQ.
With the arrival of the world's fourth industrial revolution, and the continuous development of science and technology and social production, mechanical manufacturing technology has undergone profound changes, the structure of mechanical products is more and more reasonable, and its performance, accuracy and efficiency are increasingly improved, so the production equipment of processing mechanical products has put forward high performance, high precision and high automation requirements. In order to solve the problem that ordinary machine tools can not be produced, to achieve single and small batch production, especially the automatic processing of some complex parts, CNC machining came into being.
Although, at present, China has become a processing country, precision parts processing plants all over the country. According to the data of the General Administration of Customs of China, in January and February 2023, the cumulative export volume of China's machine tools reached 2364123 units (2,364,100 units), from high-end CNC customized precision parts to ordinary standard products can achieve standardized mass production, the application of CNC technology can realize the automatic processing of parts and improve production efficiency. Especially in the automotive manufacturing, aerospace, electronic equipment manufacturing and other fields, the application of CNC technology has great potential. The application of CNC technology can realize the automatic processing of parts and improve production efficiency. Especially in the automotive manufacturing, electronic equipment manufacturing and other fields, the application of CNC technology has great potential.
CNC machining is widely used in the field of automotive parts, involving the engine, transmission, chassis, braking system, steering system and other aspects. However, no matter in any field of precision machining, achieving high precision and high speed is an important competitive means to obtain user orders.
The following are some specific applications of CNC machining in the field of automotive parts:
Engine parts machining: CNC machining can be used to manufacture various parts of the engine such as cylinder block, crankshaft, connecting rod, valve seat, etc., which require high precision and high strength.
1.Transmission parts processing: CNC machining can be used to manufacture various parts of the transmission system such as transmission gears, clutches, transmission shafts, etc., which require high precision and high strength.
2.Brake parts processing: CNC machining can be used to manufacture various parts of the brake system such as brake discs, brake pads, brakes, etc., which require high precision and high quality.
3.Steering parts processing: CNC machining can be used to manufacture various parts of the steering system such as steering gear, steering rod, steering machine, etc., these parts need high precision and high strength.
With the continuous development of CNC machining technology and the expansion of application fields, whether it is automobile body design or automobile internal electronic parts processing, the application range of CNC custom machining technology in the field of automation will be more and more extensive. In the future, CNC machining technology will continue to play an important role in the automotive manufacturing field.
Although, at present, China has become a processing country, precision parts processing plants all over the country. According to the data of the General Administration of Customs of China, in January and February 2023, the cumulative export volume of China's machine tools reached 2364123 units (2,364,100 units), from high-end CNC customized precision parts to ordinary standard products can achieve standardized mass production, the application of CNC technology can realize the automatic processing of parts and improve production efficiency. Especially in the automotive manufacturing, aerospace, electronic equipment manufacturing and other fields, the application of CNC technology has great potential. The application of CNC technology can realize the automatic processing of parts and improve production efficiency. Especially in the automotive manufacturing, electronic equipment manufacturing and other fields, the application of CNC technology has great potential.
CNC machining is widely used in the field of automotive parts, involving the engine, transmission, chassis, braking system, steering system and other aspects. However, no matter in any field of precision machining, achieving high precision and high speed is an important competitive means to obtain user orders.
The following are some specific applications of CNC machining in the field of automotive parts:
Engine parts machining: CNC machining can be used to manufacture various parts of the engine such as cylinder block, crankshaft, connecting rod, valve seat, etc., which require high precision and high strength.
1.Transmission parts processing: CNC machining can be used to manufacture various parts of the transmission system such as transmission gears, clutches, transmission shafts, etc., which require high precision and high strength.
2.Brake parts processing: CNC machining can be used to manufacture various parts of the brake system such as brake discs, brake pads, brakes, etc., which require high precision and high quality.
3.Steering parts processing: CNC machining can be used to manufacture various parts of the steering system such as steering gear, steering rod, steering machine, etc., these parts need high precision and high strength.
With the continuous development of CNC machining technology and the expansion of application fields, whether it is automobile body design or automobile internal electronic parts processing, the application range of CNC custom machining technology in the field of automation will be more and more extensive. In the future, CNC machining technology will continue to play an important role in the automotive manufacturing field.
Today's machining industry, traditional machining equipment has been unable to meet the quality needs. CNC machine tool equipment replaces ordinary machine tools, and automatic processing equipment such as precision CNC machining and CNC lathe processing replaces traditional machine tools. The following will take you to understand the advantages of CNC machining machine tools and the order of precision mechanical parts processing.
What are the advantages of CNC machine tools?
In the process of machining mechanical parts, CNC machining machine tools have the following advantages:
1.CNC machining center has high precision and high processing quality.CNC machine tools are renowned for their exceptional precision and accuracy. They use computer-controlled movements and specialized software to perform tasks with minimal error margins. Unlike human operators, CNC machines consistently reproduce identical parts to exact specifications.
2.CNC machining parts can be multi-coordinate linkage, can process complex shape parts.CNC machine tools offer remarkable flexibility and versatility compared to traditional manual machines. With the ability to change tooling and adapt to various operations quickly, they are ideal for manufacturing complex and intricate components.
3.CNC machining process change, generally only need to change the numerical control program, can save production preparation time.CNC machine tools offer remarkable time-saving benefits. Traditional manual machining methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, requiring extensive set-up and constant manual adjustments. In contrast, CNC machines can be easily programmed to perform complex operations accurately, greatly reducing production lead times.And CNC machining machine tool itself has high precision, large rigidity, can choose a favorable processing amount, high productivity (generally 3 to 5 times of ordinary machine tools).
4.CNC machining belongs to CNC machining equipment, high degree of automation, can reduce labor intensity.Although the initial investment in CNC machine tools may be higher than manual machines, they offer substantial long-term cost savings. These machines reduce labor costs since they require fewer operators for operation and supervision. Moreover, CNC machines minimize material wastage by executing precision cuts and reducing human errors, leading to significant material savings.
5.Increased Productivity and Efficiency.One of the most significant advantages of CNC machine tools is their ability to increase productivity and efficiency. These machines can operate around the clock, minimizing production downtime and maximizing output. Once programmed, they can perform complex tasks with minimal supervision, freeing up manpower for other critical areas of production.
CNC machine tools have ushered in a new era of production efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. With precision, productivity, flexibility, cost savings, time-saving advantages, and the right skillset, businesses can harness the full potential of CNC machines and stay ahead in the competitive manufacturing industry.
Then the order of precision machinery parts processing is divided into what kinds？
Each processing method has its processing sequence. Our operators need to process in accordance with its processing order, but not disorderly, so that it will have a certain impact on the processed products, or quality problems. Precision machining is one of them, then the order of precision mechanical parts processing is divided into what kinds.
The arrangement of fine parts processing should be based on the structure and blank situation of the parts, as well as the needs of positioning clamping, and the focus is on the rigidity of the workpiece is not destroyed.
The processing of the previous process can not affect the positioning and clamping of the next process, and the processing process of general fine parts in the middle of the cross should also be considered comprehensively;
Stop the inner cavity processing sequence first, and then stop the outer shape processing process;
The process of processing with the same positioning, clamping method or the same knife is best connected and stopped to reduce the number of repeated positioning, the number of tool changes and the number of moving platen. Shenzhen Machining;
In the same device to stop multiple processes, should be arranged first to the workpiece rigid damage process.
Tool concentration sorting method: It is divided into processes according to the tool used, and all the parts that can be completed with the same tool are processed. In the second knife, the third knife to complete the other parts they can complete. This can reduce the number of tool changes, shorten the idle time, reduce unnecessary positioning errors.
Processing parts sorting method: On the processing content of a lot of parts, according to its structural characteristics will be processed local dividends several parts, such as internal shape, shape, surface or plane. Ordinary first processing plane, positioning surface, after processing holes; First processing simple geometric shapes, then processing complex geometric shapes; The parts with lower precision are processed first, and then the parts with higher precision requirements are processed.
In short, the current precision machinery parts processing technology is very advanced, high quality and high production efficiency.
HONSCN Precision has 20 years of cnc machining experience. Specializing in cnc machining, hardware machinery parts processing, automation equipment parts processing. Robot parts processing, UAV parts processing, bicycle parts processing, medical parts processing, etc. It is one of the high-quality suppliers of cnc machining. At present, the company has hundreds of cnc machining centers, grinding machines, milling machines, high-quality high-precision testing equipment, to provide customers with precision and high-quality cnc spare parts processing services.
What are the advantages of CNC machine tools?
In the process of machining mechanical parts, CNC machining machine tools have the following advantages:
1.CNC machining center has high precision and high processing quality.CNC machine tools are renowned for their exceptional precision and accuracy. They use computer-controlled movements and specialized software to perform tasks with minimal error margins. Unlike human operators, CNC machines consistently reproduce identical parts to exact specifications.
2.CNC machining parts can be multi-coordinate linkage, can process complex shape parts.CNC machine tools offer remarkable flexibility and versatility compared to traditional manual machines. With the ability to change tooling and adapt to various operations quickly, they are ideal for manufacturing complex and intricate components.
3.CNC machining process change, generally only need to change the numerical control program, can save production preparation time.CNC machine tools offer remarkable time-saving benefits. Traditional manual machining methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, requiring extensive set-up and constant manual adjustments. In contrast, CNC machines can be easily programmed to perform complex operations accurately, greatly reducing production lead times.And CNC machining machine tool itself has high precision, large rigidity, can choose a favorable processing amount, high productivity (generally 3 to 5 times of ordinary machine tools).
4.CNC machining belongs to CNC machining equipment, high degree of automation, can reduce labor intensity.Although the initial investment in CNC machine tools may be higher than manual machines, they offer substantial long-term cost savings. These machines reduce labor costs since they require fewer operators for operation and supervision. Moreover, CNC machines minimize material wastage by executing precision cuts and reducing human errors, leading to significant material savings.
5.Increased Productivity and Efficiency.One of the most significant advantages of CNC machine tools is their ability to increase productivity and efficiency. These machines can operate around the clock, minimizing production downtime and maximizing output. Once programmed, they can perform complex tasks with minimal supervision, freeing up manpower for other critical areas of production.
CNC machine tools have ushered in a new era of production efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. With precision, productivity, flexibility, cost savings, time-saving advantages, and the right skillset, businesses can harness the full potential of CNC machines and stay ahead in the competitive manufacturing industry.
Then the order of precision machinery parts processing is divided into what kinds？
Each processing method has its processing sequence. Our operators need to process in accordance with its processing order, but not disorderly, so that it will have a certain impact on the processed products, or quality problems. Precision machining is one of them, then the order of precision mechanical parts processing is divided into what kinds.
The arrangement of fine parts processing should be based on the structure and blank situation of the parts, as well as the needs of positioning clamping, and the focus is on the rigidity of the workpiece is not destroyed.
The processing of the previous process can not affect the positioning and clamping of the next process, and the processing process of general fine parts in the middle of the cross should also be considered comprehensively;
Stop the inner cavity processing sequence first, and then stop the outer shape processing process;
The process of processing with the same positioning, clamping method or the same knife is best connected and stopped to reduce the number of repeated positioning, the number of tool changes and the number of moving platen. Shenzhen Machining;
In the same device to stop multiple processes, should be arranged first to the workpiece rigid damage process.
Tool concentration sorting method: It is divided into processes according to the tool used, and all the parts that can be completed with the same tool are processed. In the second knife, the third knife to complete the other parts they can complete. This can reduce the number of tool changes, shorten the idle time, reduce unnecessary positioning errors.
Processing parts sorting method: On the processing content of a lot of parts, according to its structural characteristics will be processed local dividends several parts, such as internal shape, shape, surface or plane. Ordinary first processing plane, positioning surface, after processing holes; First processing simple geometric shapes, then processing complex geometric shapes; The parts with lower precision are processed first, and then the parts with higher precision requirements are processed.
In short, the current precision machinery parts processing technology is very advanced, high quality and high production efficiency.
HONSCN Precision has 20 years of cnc machining experience. Specializing in cnc machining, hardware machinery parts processing, automation equipment parts processing. Robot parts processing, UAV parts processing, bicycle parts processing, medical parts processing, etc. It is one of the high-quality suppliers of cnc machining. At present, the company has hundreds of cnc machining centers, grinding machines, milling machines, high-quality high-precision testing equipment, to provide customers with precision and high-quality cnc spare parts processing services.
Now many industries of precision parts will use CNC machining production, but after CNC machining is completed, many products surface is still relatively rough, this time you need to carry out secondary surface finishing treatment.
First of all, surface treatment is not suitable for all CNC processing products, some products can be directly used after processing, and some need to be hand-polished, electroplating, oxidation, radium carving, screen printing, powder spraying and other special processes. Here are some things you should know about surface treatment.
1, improve product accuracy; After the product processing is completed, some products have a rough surface and leave a large residual stress, which will reduce the accuracy of the product and affect the precision of the match between the parts. In this case, the product surface treatment is required.
2, provide product wear resistance; If the parts usually use scenarios are interacting with other parts, long-term use will increase part wear, which also requires processing of the product surface to extend the service life of the parts.
3, improve the corrosion resistance of the product; Parts used for a long time in highly corrosive places require special surface treatment, requiring polishing and spraying of anti-corrosion materials. Improve corrosion resistance and service life of the product.
The above three points are the prerequisites for surface processing after CNC precision parts processing, and several surface treatment methods will be introduced below.
What is electroplating? What are the types and applications of electroplating?
01. What is electroplating?
Electroplating refers to the surface engineering technology of obtaining a solid metal film on the surface of the substrate by electrolysis in a salt solution containing the metallized group, with the metallized group as the cathode and the metallized group or other inert conductor as the anode under the action of direct current.
02. Why electroplate?
The purpose of electroplating is to improve the appearance of the material, while giving the surface of the material a variety of physical and chemical properties, such as corrosion resistance, decorative, wear resistance, brazing and electrical, magnetic, optical properties.
03. What are the types and applications of electroplating?
1, galvanized
The galvanized layer is of high purity and is an anodic coating. The zinc layer plays a mechanical and electrochemical protective role on the steel matrix.
Therefore, galvanized layer is widely used in machinery, hardware, electronics, instruments, light industry and other aspects, is one of the most widely used plating species.
2. Copper plating
The copper coating is a cathode polar coating, which can only play a mechanical protection role on the base metal. The copper plating layer is usually not used as a protective decorative coating alone, but as the bottom or middle layer of the coating to improve the adhesion between the surface coating and the base metal.
In the field of electronics, such as through hole copper plating on printed circuit boards, as well as hardware technology, crafts, furniture decoration and other fields.
3. Nickel plating
Nickel plating layer is a negative polarity protective layer, which only has a mechanical protection effect on the base metal. In addition to the direct use of some medical devices and battery shells, the nickel-plated layer is often used as the bottom or middle interval layer, which is widely used in daily hardware, light industry, home appliances, machinery and other industries.
4. Chrome plating
The chromium-plated layer is a negative polarity coating, which only plays a mechanical protection role. Decorative chrome plating, the bottom layer is generally polished or electrodeposited bright coating.
Widely used in instruments, meters, daily hardware, household appliances, aircraft, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles and other exposed parts. Functional chrome plating includes hard chrome plating, porous chrome, black chrome, opal chrome and so on.
Hard chrome layer is mainly used for various measuring calipers, gauges, cutting tools and various types of shaft, loose hole chrome layer is mainly used for cylinder cavity piston failure; The black chrome layer is used for parts that need a dull surface and wear resistance, such as aviation instruments, optical instruments, photographic equipment, etc. Opalescent chromium is mainly used in various measuring tools.
5. Tin plating
Compared to the steel substrate, tin is a negative polar coating, while compared to the copper substrate, it is an anode coating. The tinning layer is mainly used as the protective layer of thin plate in the can industry, and most of the malleable iron skin is made of iron plate tinning. Another major use of tin coatings is in the electronics and power industries.
6, alloy plating
In a solution, two or more metal ions are co-precipitated on the cathode to form a uniform fine coating process called alloy plating.
Alloy electroplating is superior to single metal electroplating in crystal density, porosity, color, hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, magnetic conductivity, wear resistance and high temperature resistance.
There are more than 240 kinds of electroplating alloys, but less than 40 kinds are actually used in production. It is generally divided into three categories: protective alloy coating, decorative alloy coating and functional alloy coating.
Widely used in aviation, aerospace, navigation, automobile, mining, military, instruments, meters, visual hardware, tableware, Musical Instruments and other industries.
In addition to the above, there are other chemical plating, composite plating, non-metal plating, gold plating, silver plating and so on.
What is polishing?
The surface of the items processed by CNC machining or 3D printing is sometimes rough, and the surface requirements of the products are high, so they need to be polished.
Polishing refers to the use of mechanical, chemical or electrochemical action to reduce the surface roughness of the workpiece in order to obtain a bright, flat surface processing method.
Polishing can not improve the dimensional accuracy or geometric accuracy of the workpiece, but for the purpose of obtaining a smooth surface or mirror gloss, and sometimes to eliminate gloss (extinction).
Several common polishing methods are described below:
01. Mechanical polishing
Mechanical polishing is by cutting, plastic deformation of the surface of the material to remove the polished convex and smooth surface polishing method, the general use of whetstone strip, wool wheel, sandpaper, etc., mainly manual operation, surface quality requirements can be used to super-fine polishing method.
Super finishing polishing is the use of special grinding tools, in the polishing liquid containing abrasive, tightly pressed on the workpiece to be machined surface, for high-speed rotation. This method is often used in optical lens molds.
02. Chemical polishing
Chemical polishing is to dissolve the microscopic protruding part of the surface of the material in the chemical medium preferentially than the concave part, so as to obtain a smooth surface.
The main advantage of this method is that it does not require complex equipment, can polish the workpiece with complex shape, and can polish many workpieces at the same time, with high efficiency.
The core problem of chemical polishing is the preparation of polishing liquid.
03. Electrolytic polishing
The basic principle of electrolytic polishing is the same as that of chemical polishing, that is, the surface is smooth by selectively dissolving small protruding parts on the surface of the material.
Compared with chemical polishing, the effect of cathode reaction can be eliminated and the effect is better.
04. Ultrasonic polishing
The workpiece is put into the abrasive suspension and placed together in the ultrasonic field, and the abrasive is ground and polished on the workpiece surface by relying on the oscillation of the ultrasonic wave.
Ultrasonic processing macroscopic force is small, will not cause workpiece deformation, but tooling production and installation is more difficult.
05. Fluid polishing
Fluid polishing relies on high-speed flowing liquid and the abrasive particles it carries to wash the surface of the workpiece to achieve the purpose of polishing.
Common methods are: abrasive jet processing, liquid jet processing, hydrodynamic grinding and so on. Hydrodynamic grinding is driven by hydraulic pressure to make the liquid medium carrying abrasive particles flow through the surface of the workpiece at high speed.
The medium is mainly made of special compounds with good flow under low pressure and mixed with abrasives, which can be silicon carbide powder.
06. Magnetic grinding polishing
Magnetic grinding and polishing is the use of magnetic abrasive under the action of magnetic field to form an abrasive brush, grinding the workpiece.
This method has the advantages of high processing efficiency, good quality, easy control of processing conditions and good working conditions.
The above are 6 common polishing processe.
HONSCN Precision has been a professional CNC machining manufacturer for 20 years. Cooperation with more than 1,000 enterprises, deep technology accumulation, senior technician team, welcome to consult customized processing!Customer service
First of all, surface treatment is not suitable for all CNC processing products, some products can be directly used after processing, and some need to be hand-polished, electroplating, oxidation, radium carving, screen printing, powder spraying and other special processes. Here are some things you should know about surface treatment.
1, improve product accuracy; After the product processing is completed, some products have a rough surface and leave a large residual stress, which will reduce the accuracy of the product and affect the precision of the match between the parts. In this case, the product surface treatment is required.
2, provide product wear resistance; If the parts usually use scenarios are interacting with other parts, long-term use will increase part wear, which also requires processing of the product surface to extend the service life of the parts.
3, improve the corrosion resistance of the product; Parts used for a long time in highly corrosive places require special surface treatment, requiring polishing and spraying of anti-corrosion materials. Improve corrosion resistance and service life of the product.
The above three points are the prerequisites for surface processing after CNC precision parts processing, and several surface treatment methods will be introduced below.
What is electroplating? What are the types and applications of electroplating?
01. What is electroplating?
Electroplating refers to the surface engineering technology of obtaining a solid metal film on the surface of the substrate by electrolysis in a salt solution containing the metallized group, with the metallized group as the cathode and the metallized group or other inert conductor as the anode under the action of direct current.
02. Why electroplate?
The purpose of electroplating is to improve the appearance of the material, while giving the surface of the material a variety of physical and chemical properties, such as corrosion resistance, decorative, wear resistance, brazing and electrical, magnetic, optical properties.
03. What are the types and applications of electroplating?
1, galvanized
The galvanized layer is of high purity and is an anodic coating. The zinc layer plays a mechanical and electrochemical protective role on the steel matrix.
Therefore, galvanized layer is widely used in machinery, hardware, electronics, instruments, light industry and other aspects, is one of the most widely used plating species.
2. Copper plating
The copper coating is a cathode polar coating, which can only play a mechanical protection role on the base metal. The copper plating layer is usually not used as a protective decorative coating alone, but as the bottom or middle layer of the coating to improve the adhesion between the surface coating and the base metal.
In the field of electronics, such as through hole copper plating on printed circuit boards, as well as hardware technology, crafts, furniture decoration and other fields.
3. Nickel plating
Nickel plating layer is a negative polarity protective layer, which only has a mechanical protection effect on the base metal. In addition to the direct use of some medical devices and battery shells, the nickel-plated layer is often used as the bottom or middle interval layer, which is widely used in daily hardware, light industry, home appliances, machinery and other industries.
4. Chrome plating
The chromium-plated layer is a negative polarity coating, which only plays a mechanical protection role. Decorative chrome plating, the bottom layer is generally polished or electrodeposited bright coating.
Widely used in instruments, meters, daily hardware, household appliances, aircraft, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles and other exposed parts. Functional chrome plating includes hard chrome plating, porous chrome, black chrome, opal chrome and so on.
Hard chrome layer is mainly used for various measuring calipers, gauges, cutting tools and various types of shaft, loose hole chrome layer is mainly used for cylinder cavity piston failure; The black chrome layer is used for parts that need a dull surface and wear resistance, such as aviation instruments, optical instruments, photographic equipment, etc. Opalescent chromium is mainly used in various measuring tools.
5. Tin plating
Compared to the steel substrate, tin is a negative polar coating, while compared to the copper substrate, it is an anode coating. The tinning layer is mainly used as the protective layer of thin plate in the can industry, and most of the malleable iron skin is made of iron plate tinning. Another major use of tin coatings is in the electronics and power industries.
6, alloy plating
In a solution, two or more metal ions are co-precipitated on the cathode to form a uniform fine coating process called alloy plating.
Alloy electroplating is superior to single metal electroplating in crystal density, porosity, color, hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, magnetic conductivity, wear resistance and high temperature resistance.
There are more than 240 kinds of electroplating alloys, but less than 40 kinds are actually used in production. It is generally divided into three categories: protective alloy coating, decorative alloy coating and functional alloy coating.
Widely used in aviation, aerospace, navigation, automobile, mining, military, instruments, meters, visual hardware, tableware, Musical Instruments and other industries.
In addition to the above, there are other chemical plating, composite plating, non-metal plating, gold plating, silver plating and so on.
What is polishing?
The surface of the items processed by CNC machining or 3D printing is sometimes rough, and the surface requirements of the products are high, so they need to be polished.
Polishing refers to the use of mechanical, chemical or electrochemical action to reduce the surface roughness of the workpiece in order to obtain a bright, flat surface processing method.
Polishing can not improve the dimensional accuracy or geometric accuracy of the workpiece, but for the purpose of obtaining a smooth surface or mirror gloss, and sometimes to eliminate gloss (extinction).
Several common polishing methods are described below:
01. Mechanical polishing
Mechanical polishing is by cutting, plastic deformation of the surface of the material to remove the polished convex and smooth surface polishing method, the general use of whetstone strip, wool wheel, sandpaper, etc., mainly manual operation, surface quality requirements can be used to super-fine polishing method.
Super finishing polishing is the use of special grinding tools, in the polishing liquid containing abrasive, tightly pressed on the workpiece to be machined surface, for high-speed rotation. This method is often used in optical lens molds.
02. Chemical polishing
Chemical polishing is to dissolve the microscopic protruding part of the surface of the material in the chemical medium preferentially than the concave part, so as to obtain a smooth surface.
The main advantage of this method is that it does not require complex equipment, can polish the workpiece with complex shape, and can polish many workpieces at the same time, with high efficiency.
The core problem of chemical polishing is the preparation of polishing liquid.
03. Electrolytic polishing
The basic principle of electrolytic polishing is the same as that of chemical polishing, that is, the surface is smooth by selectively dissolving small protruding parts on the surface of the material.
Compared with chemical polishing, the effect of cathode reaction can be eliminated and the effect is better.
04. Ultrasonic polishing
The workpiece is put into the abrasive suspension and placed together in the ultrasonic field, and the abrasive is ground and polished on the workpiece surface by relying on the oscillation of the ultrasonic wave.
Ultrasonic processing macroscopic force is small, will not cause workpiece deformation, but tooling production and installation is more difficult.
05. Fluid polishing
Fluid polishing relies on high-speed flowing liquid and the abrasive particles it carries to wash the surface of the workpiece to achieve the purpose of polishing.
Common methods are: abrasive jet processing, liquid jet processing, hydrodynamic grinding and so on. Hydrodynamic grinding is driven by hydraulic pressure to make the liquid medium carrying abrasive particles flow through the surface of the workpiece at high speed.
The medium is mainly made of special compounds with good flow under low pressure and mixed with abrasives, which can be silicon carbide powder.
06. Magnetic grinding polishing
Magnetic grinding and polishing is the use of magnetic abrasive under the action of magnetic field to form an abrasive brush, grinding the workpiece.
This method has the advantages of high processing efficiency, good quality, easy control of processing conditions and good working conditions.
The above are 6 common polishing processe.
HONSCN Precision has been a professional CNC machining manufacturer for 20 years. Cooperation with more than 1,000 enterprises, deep technology accumulation, senior technician team, welcome to consult customized processing!Customer service
No machine can be made without holes. To connect the parts together, a variety of different sizes of screw holes, pin holes or rivet holes are required; In order to fix the transmission parts, various mounting holes are needed; The machine parts themselves also have many kinds of holes (such as oil holes, process holes, weight reduction holes, etc.). The operation of machining holes so that the holes meet the requirements is called hole machining.
The surface of the inner hole is one of the important surfaces of the mechanical parts. In mechanical parts, parts with holes generally account for 50% to 80% of the total number of parts. The types of holes are also diverse, there are cylindrical holes, conical holes, threaded holes and shaped holes. Common cylindrical holes are divided into general holes and deep holes, and deep holes are difficult to process.
Advantages of U drill
1. First of all, the difference between U drill and ordinary drill is that U drill uses the peripheral blade and the center blade, at this Angle, the relationship between U drill and ordinary hard drill is actually similar to the relationship between the machine clamping turning tool and the welding turning tool, and the blade can be replaced directly after the tool is worn without regrinding. After all, the use of indexable blades still saves material than the whole hard drill, and the consistency of the blade makes it easier to control the size of the part.
2. The rigidity of U drill is better, you can use a high feed rate, and the processing diameter of U drill is much larger than that of ordinary drill, the maximum can reach D50~60mm, of course, U drill can not be too small due to the characteristics of the blade.
3.U drill encounter a variety of materials only need to replace the same type of different grades of blade, hard drill is not so convenient.
4. Compared with hard drilling, the precision of the hole drilled by U drilling is still higher, and the finish is better, especially when the cooling and lubrication are not smooth, it is more obvious, and U drilling can correct the position accuracy of the hole, and hard drilling can not be done, and U drilling can be used as a bore knife.
Advantages of U drill in CNC machining
1. U drill can punch holes on surfaces with inclination angles less than 30~ without reducing cutting parameters.
2. After the cutting parameters of U drilling are reduced by 30%, intermittent cutting can be achieved, such as processing intersecting holes, intersecting holes, and phase perforation.
3. U drilling can realize the drilling of multi-step holes, and can boring, chamfer, eccentric drilling.
4. When drilling, the drilling chips are mostly short chips, and the internal cooling system can be used for safe chip removal, without cleaning the chips on the tool, which is conducive to the continuity of the processing of the product, shorten the processing time and improve efficiency.
5. Under the condition of standard length-diameter ratio, no chip removal is required when drilling with U drill.
6. U drill for indexable tool, blade wear without sharpening, more convenient replacement, and low cost.
7. The surface roughness value of the hole processed by U drilling is small, and the tolerance range is small, which can replace the work of some boring tools.
8. The use of U drilling does not need to pre-punch the center hole, and the blind hole bottom surface processed is relatively straight, eliminating the flat-bottom drill.
9. The use of U drilling technology can not only reduce drilling tools, and because U drilling is the head of the cemented carbide blade, its cutting life is more than ten times the ordinary drill, at the same time, there are four cutting edges on the blade, blade wear can be replaced at any time cutting, the new cutting saves a lot of grinding and replacing the tool time, can improve the average efficiency 6-7 times.
U drill in the use of CNC machine tools skills
1. When using U drill, the rigidity of the machine tool and the neutrality of the tool and the workpiece are high, so U drill is suitable for use on high-power, high-rigidity and high-speed CNC machine tools.
2. When using U drilling, the center blade should be used with good toughness, and the peripheral blade should be used with relatively sharp blades.
3. When processing different materials, should choose different groove blade, under normal circumstances, small feed, small tolerance, U drilling length to diameter ratio, choose the groove blade with smaller cutting force, on the contrary, rough machining, large tolerance, U drilling length to diameter ratio is small, then choose the groove blade with larger cutting force.
4. When using U drilling, we must consider the power of the machine tool spindle, the stability of U drilling clamping, the pressure and flow of cutting fluid, and control the chip removal effect of U drilling, otherwise it will greatly affect the surface roughness and dimensional accuracy of the hole.
5. When installing the U drill, it is necessary to make the U drill center coincide with the center of the workpiece and be perpendicular to the surface of the workpiece.
6. When using U drilling, the appropriate cutting parameters should be selected according to different parts materials.
7. When drilling test cutting, be sure not to reduce the feed or speed at will because of caution and fear, so that the U drill blade is damaged or the U drill is damaged.
8. When using U-drill processing, when the blade is worn or damaged, it is necessary to carefully analyze the reasons and replace the blade with better toughness or more wear-resistant.
9. When using U drill to process step holes, it is necessary to start processing from large holes and then process small holes.
10. When drilling, pay attention to the cutting fluid to have enough pressure in order to flush out the chips.
11. The blade used on the center and edge of the U drill is different, must not be misused, otherwise it will damage the U drill rod.
12. When drilling with U-drill, workpiece rotation, tool rotation, and simultaneous rotation of the tool and workpiece can be used, but when the tool is moved in a linear feed mode, the most common method is to use the workpiece rotation mode.
13. The performance of the lathe should be considered when machining on the CNC car, and the cutting parameters should be adjusted appropriately, generally reducing the speed and low feed.
U drill in CNC machining often appear problems
1. The blade is damaged too fast, easy to break, and the processing cost increases.
2. A harsh whistle is emitted during processing, and the cutting state is abnormal.
3. Machine jitter, affecting the machining accuracy of machine tools.
U drill use points to note
1. The installation of U drill should pay attention to the positive and negative directions, which blade is up, which blade is down, which is facing inside and which is facing outside.
2. The center height of U drilling must be corrected, according to its diameter size to require the control range, generally controlled within 0.1mm, the smaller the diameter of U drilling, the higher the center height requirements, the center height is not good U drilling two sides will wear, the aperture will be larger, the blade service life will be shortened, small U drilling is easy to break.
3. U drill has very high requirements for coolant, it must be ensured that the coolant is emitted from the center of U drill, the greater the pressure of the coolant, the better, the excess water outlet of the tower can be blocked up to ensure its pressure.
4, U drilling cutting parameters in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, but also to consider different brands of blades, machine power, processing can refer to the load value of the machine tool size, make appropriate adjustments, generally using high speed, low feed.
5.U drill blade to check often, timely replacement, different blades can not be installed reverse.
6. According to the hardness of the workpiece and the length of the tool suspension to adjust the feed amount, the harder the workpiece, the larger the tool suspension, the smaller the cutting amount.
7. Do not use excessive wear of the blade, should be recorded in the production of blade wear and the relationship between the number of workpieces can be machined, timely replacement of new blades.
8. Use sufficient internal coolant with correct pressure. The main function of the coolant is chip removal and cooling.
9.U drill can not be used for processing softer materials, such as copper, soft aluminum, etc.
Honscn has more than ten years of cnc machining experience, specializing in cnc machining, hardware mechanical parts processing, automation equipment parts processing. Robot parts processing, UAV parts processing, bicycle parts processing, medical parts processing, etc. It is one of the high-quality suppliers of cnc machining. At present, the company has more than 50 sets of cnc machining centers, grinding machines, milling machines, high-quality high-precision testing equipment, to provide customers with precision and high-quality cnc spare parts processing services.
The surface of the inner hole is one of the important surfaces of the mechanical parts. In mechanical parts, parts with holes generally account for 50% to 80% of the total number of parts. The types of holes are also diverse, there are cylindrical holes, conical holes, threaded holes and shaped holes. Common cylindrical holes are divided into general holes and deep holes, and deep holes are difficult to process.
Advantages of U drill
1. First of all, the difference between U drill and ordinary drill is that U drill uses the peripheral blade and the center blade, at this Angle, the relationship between U drill and ordinary hard drill is actually similar to the relationship between the machine clamping turning tool and the welding turning tool, and the blade can be replaced directly after the tool is worn without regrinding. After all, the use of indexable blades still saves material than the whole hard drill, and the consistency of the blade makes it easier to control the size of the part.
2. The rigidity of U drill is better, you can use a high feed rate, and the processing diameter of U drill is much larger than that of ordinary drill, the maximum can reach D50~60mm, of course, U drill can not be too small due to the characteristics of the blade.
3.U drill encounter a variety of materials only need to replace the same type of different grades of blade, hard drill is not so convenient.
4. Compared with hard drilling, the precision of the hole drilled by U drilling is still higher, and the finish is better, especially when the cooling and lubrication are not smooth, it is more obvious, and U drilling can correct the position accuracy of the hole, and hard drilling can not be done, and U drilling can be used as a bore knife.
Advantages of U drill in CNC machining
1. U drill can punch holes on surfaces with inclination angles less than 30~ without reducing cutting parameters.
2. After the cutting parameters of U drilling are reduced by 30%, intermittent cutting can be achieved, such as processing intersecting holes, intersecting holes, and phase perforation.
3. U drilling can realize the drilling of multi-step holes, and can boring, chamfer, eccentric drilling.
4. When drilling, the drilling chips are mostly short chips, and the internal cooling system can be used for safe chip removal, without cleaning the chips on the tool, which is conducive to the continuity of the processing of the product, shorten the processing time and improve efficiency.
5. Under the condition of standard length-diameter ratio, no chip removal is required when drilling with U drill.
6. U drill for indexable tool, blade wear without sharpening, more convenient replacement, and low cost.
7. The surface roughness value of the hole processed by U drilling is small, and the tolerance range is small, which can replace the work of some boring tools.
8. The use of U drilling does not need to pre-punch the center hole, and the blind hole bottom surface processed is relatively straight, eliminating the flat-bottom drill.
9. The use of U drilling technology can not only reduce drilling tools, and because U drilling is the head of the cemented carbide blade, its cutting life is more than ten times the ordinary drill, at the same time, there are four cutting edges on the blade, blade wear can be replaced at any time cutting, the new cutting saves a lot of grinding and replacing the tool time, can improve the average efficiency 6-7 times.
U drill in the use of CNC machine tools skills
1. When using U drill, the rigidity of the machine tool and the neutrality of the tool and the workpiece are high, so U drill is suitable for use on high-power, high-rigidity and high-speed CNC machine tools.
2. When using U drilling, the center blade should be used with good toughness, and the peripheral blade should be used with relatively sharp blades.
3. When processing different materials, should choose different groove blade, under normal circumstances, small feed, small tolerance, U drilling length to diameter ratio, choose the groove blade with smaller cutting force, on the contrary, rough machining, large tolerance, U drilling length to diameter ratio is small, then choose the groove blade with larger cutting force.
4. When using U drilling, we must consider the power of the machine tool spindle, the stability of U drilling clamping, the pressure and flow of cutting fluid, and control the chip removal effect of U drilling, otherwise it will greatly affect the surface roughness and dimensional accuracy of the hole.
5. When installing the U drill, it is necessary to make the U drill center coincide with the center of the workpiece and be perpendicular to the surface of the workpiece.
6. When using U drilling, the appropriate cutting parameters should be selected according to different parts materials.
7. When drilling test cutting, be sure not to reduce the feed or speed at will because of caution and fear, so that the U drill blade is damaged or the U drill is damaged.
8. When using U-drill processing, when the blade is worn or damaged, it is necessary to carefully analyze the reasons and replace the blade with better toughness or more wear-resistant.
9. When using U drill to process step holes, it is necessary to start processing from large holes and then process small holes.
10. When drilling, pay attention to the cutting fluid to have enough pressure in order to flush out the chips.
11. The blade used on the center and edge of the U drill is different, must not be misused, otherwise it will damage the U drill rod.
12. When drilling with U-drill, workpiece rotation, tool rotation, and simultaneous rotation of the tool and workpiece can be used, but when the tool is moved in a linear feed mode, the most common method is to use the workpiece rotation mode.
13. The performance of the lathe should be considered when machining on the CNC car, and the cutting parameters should be adjusted appropriately, generally reducing the speed and low feed.
U drill in CNC machining often appear problems
1. The blade is damaged too fast, easy to break, and the processing cost increases.
2. A harsh whistle is emitted during processing, and the cutting state is abnormal.
3. Machine jitter, affecting the machining accuracy of machine tools.
U drill use points to note
1. The installation of U drill should pay attention to the positive and negative directions, which blade is up, which blade is down, which is facing inside and which is facing outside.
2. The center height of U drilling must be corrected, according to its diameter size to require the control range, generally controlled within 0.1mm, the smaller the diameter of U drilling, the higher the center height requirements, the center height is not good U drilling two sides will wear, the aperture will be larger, the blade service life will be shortened, small U drilling is easy to break.
3. U drill has very high requirements for coolant, it must be ensured that the coolant is emitted from the center of U drill, the greater the pressure of the coolant, the better, the excess water outlet of the tower can be blocked up to ensure its pressure.
4, U drilling cutting parameters in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, but also to consider different brands of blades, machine power, processing can refer to the load value of the machine tool size, make appropriate adjustments, generally using high speed, low feed.
5.U drill blade to check often, timely replacement, different blades can not be installed reverse.
6. According to the hardness of the workpiece and the length of the tool suspension to adjust the feed amount, the harder the workpiece, the larger the tool suspension, the smaller the cutting amount.
7. Do not use excessive wear of the blade, should be recorded in the production of blade wear and the relationship between the number of workpieces can be machined, timely replacement of new blades.
8. Use sufficient internal coolant with correct pressure. The main function of the coolant is chip removal and cooling.
9.U drill can not be used for processing softer materials, such as copper, soft aluminum, etc.
Honscn has more than ten years of cnc machining experience, specializing in cnc machining, hardware mechanical parts processing, automation equipment parts processing. Robot parts processing, UAV parts processing, bicycle parts processing, medical parts processing, etc. It is one of the high-quality suppliers of cnc machining. At present, the company has more than 50 sets of cnc machining centers, grinding machines, milling machines, high-quality high-precision testing equipment, to provide customers with precision and high-quality cnc spare parts processing services.
1. The unmarked shape tolerance shall meet the requirements of gb1184-80.
2. The allowable deviation of unmarked length dimension is 0.5mm.
3. Unspecified fillet radius R5.
4. All undeclared chamfers are C2.
5. Blunt acute angle.
6. Blunt sharp edges, remove burrs and flash.
1. There shall be no scratch, scratch and other defects damaging the part surface on the part processing surface.
2. The machined thread surface shall be free of defects such as black skin, bump, random buckle and burr.
Before painting, rust, scale, grease, dust, soil, salt and dirt must be removed from the surface of all steel parts to be painted.
3. Before derusting, remove grease and dirt on the surface of iron and steel parts with organic solvent, alkali solution, emulsifier and steam.
4. The time interval between the surface to be coated by shot peening or manual derusting and the primer shall not be more than 6h.
5. The surfaces of riveted parts in contact with each other must be coated with a thickness of 30 40 before connection M antirust paint. Lap edges shall be closed with paint, putty or adhesive. The primer damaged due to processing or welding shall be repainted.
3 Heat treatment of parts:
1. After quenching and tempering, HRC50 55.
2. Medium carbon steel: 45 or 40Cr parts are subject to high-frequency quenching, tempering at 350 370 , and hrc40 45.
3. Carburizing depth 0.3mm.
4. Carry out high temperature aging treatment.
4 Technical requirements after finishing
1. The finished parts shall not be placed directly on the ground, and necessary support and protection measures shall be taken. 2. The machined surface shall be free of rust, corrosion, bumps, scratches and other defects affecting performance, service life or appearance.
3. There shall be no peeling on the surface finished by rolling.
4. There shall be no oxide scale on the surface of the parts after heat treatment in the final process. The finished mating surface and tooth surface shall not be annealed
5 Sealing treatment of parts:
1. All seals must be soaked with oil before assembly.
2. Before assembly, strictly check and remove the sharp corners, burrs and foreign matters left during part processing. Ensure that the seal is not scratched during installation.
3. The excess adhesive flowing out shall be removed after bonding.
1. After the gear is assembled, the contact spots and backlash on the tooth surface shall comply with the provisions of GB10095 and gb11365.
2. The reference end face of the gear (worm gear) shall fit the shaft shoulder (or the end face of the positioning sleeve), and it cannot be checked with a 0.05mm feeler gauge. The perpendicularity between the gear reference end face and the axis shall be ensured.
3. The joint surface of gearbox and cover shall be in good contact.
1. The casting tolerance zone is symmetrical to the basic dimensional configuration of the blank casting.
2. Cold lap, crack, shrinkage cavity, penetrating defect and serious incomplete defect (such as under casting, mechanical damage, etc.) are not allowed on the casting surface.
3. The casting shall be cleaned without burrs and flash. The pouring and riser on the non machining indication shall be cleaned and flush with the casting surface.
4. The cast words and marks on the non machined surface of the casting shall be clear and legible, and the position and font shall meet the drawing requirements.
5. The roughness of non machined surface of casting, sand casting R, shall not be greater than 50 m
6. The pouring riser, flying thorn, etc. shall be removed from the casting. The residual amount of pouring and riser on the non machined surface shall be leveled and polished to meet the surface quality requirements.
7. The molding sand, core sand and core bone on the casting shall be removed.
8. The casting has inclined parts, and its dimensional tolerance zone shall be configured symmetrically along the inclined plane.
9. The molding sand, core sand, core bone, fleshy, sticky sand, etc. on the casting shall be shoveled, ground and cleaned.
10. The wrong type and boss casting deviation shall be corrected to achieve a smooth transition and ensure the appearance quality.
11. The wrinkle on the non machined surface of the casting shall be less than 2mm deep and the spacing shall be greater than 100mm.
12. The non machined surfaces of machine product castings shall be shot peened or roller treated to meet the requirements of cleanliness Sa21 / 2.
13. Castings must be water toughened.
14. The casting surface shall be flat, and the gate, burr, sand sticking, etc. shall be removed.
15. Casting defects such as cold shuts, cracks and holes that are detrimental to use are not allowed.
1. The nozzle and riser of each ingot shall have sufficient cutting amount to ensure that the forging has no shrinkage cavity and serious deflection.
2. Forgings shall be forged on a forging press with sufficient capacity to ensure full penetration in the forging.
3. Forgings are not allowed to have visible cracks, folds and other appearance defects affecting use. Local defects can be removed, but the cleaning depth shall not exceed 75% of the machining allowance. The defects on the non machined surface of forgings shall be cleaned and smoothly transition.
4. Forgings shall be free of white spots, internal cracks and residual shrinkage cavities.
2. The allowable deviation of unmarked length dimension is 0.5mm.
3. Unspecified fillet radius R5.
4. All undeclared chamfers are C2.
5. Blunt acute angle.
6. Blunt sharp edges, remove burrs and flash.
1. There shall be no scratch, scratch and other defects damaging the part surface on the part processing surface.
2. The machined thread surface shall be free of defects such as black skin, bump, random buckle and burr.
Before painting, rust, scale, grease, dust, soil, salt and dirt must be removed from the surface of all steel parts to be painted.
3. Before derusting, remove grease and dirt on the surface of iron and steel parts with organic solvent, alkali solution, emulsifier and steam.
4. The time interval between the surface to be coated by shot peening or manual derusting and the primer shall not be more than 6h.
5. The surfaces of riveted parts in contact with each other must be coated with a thickness of 30 40 before connection M antirust paint. Lap edges shall be closed with paint, putty or adhesive. The primer damaged due to processing or welding shall be repainted.
3 Heat treatment of parts:
1. After quenching and tempering, HRC50 55.
2. Medium carbon steel: 45 or 40Cr parts are subject to high-frequency quenching, tempering at 350 370 , and hrc40 45.
3. Carburizing depth 0.3mm.
4. Carry out high temperature aging treatment.
4 Technical requirements after finishing
1. The finished parts shall not be placed directly on the ground, and necessary support and protection measures shall be taken. 2. The machined surface shall be free of rust, corrosion, bumps, scratches and other defects affecting performance, service life or appearance.
3. There shall be no peeling on the surface finished by rolling.
4. There shall be no oxide scale on the surface of the parts after heat treatment in the final process. The finished mating surface and tooth surface shall not be annealed
5 Sealing treatment of parts:
1. All seals must be soaked with oil before assembly.
2. Before assembly, strictly check and remove the sharp corners, burrs and foreign matters left during part processing. Ensure that the seal is not scratched during installation.
3. The excess adhesive flowing out shall be removed after bonding.
1. After the gear is assembled, the contact spots and backlash on the tooth surface shall comply with the provisions of GB10095 and gb11365.
2. The reference end face of the gear (worm gear) shall fit the shaft shoulder (or the end face of the positioning sleeve), and it cannot be checked with a 0.05mm feeler gauge. The perpendicularity between the gear reference end face and the axis shall be ensured.
3. The joint surface of gearbox and cover shall be in good contact.
1. The casting tolerance zone is symmetrical to the basic dimensional configuration of the blank casting.
2. Cold lap, crack, shrinkage cavity, penetrating defect and serious incomplete defect (such as under casting, mechanical damage, etc.) are not allowed on the casting surface.
3. The casting shall be cleaned without burrs and flash. The pouring and riser on the non machining indication shall be cleaned and flush with the casting surface.
4. The cast words and marks on the non machined surface of the casting shall be clear and legible, and the position and font shall meet the drawing requirements.
5. The roughness of non machined surface of casting, sand casting R, shall not be greater than 50 m
6. The pouring riser, flying thorn, etc. shall be removed from the casting. The residual amount of pouring and riser on the non machined surface shall be leveled and polished to meet the surface quality requirements.
7. The molding sand, core sand and core bone on the casting shall be removed.
8. The casting has inclined parts, and its dimensional tolerance zone shall be configured symmetrically along the inclined plane.
9. The molding sand, core sand, core bone, fleshy, sticky sand, etc. on the casting shall be shoveled, ground and cleaned.
10. The wrong type and boss casting deviation shall be corrected to achieve a smooth transition and ensure the appearance quality.
11. The wrinkle on the non machined surface of the casting shall be less than 2mm deep and the spacing shall be greater than 100mm.
12. The non machined surfaces of machine product castings shall be shot peened or roller treated to meet the requirements of cleanliness Sa21 / 2.
13. Castings must be water toughened.
14. The casting surface shall be flat, and the gate, burr, sand sticking, etc. shall be removed.
15. Casting defects such as cold shuts, cracks and holes that are detrimental to use are not allowed.
1. The nozzle and riser of each ingot shall have sufficient cutting amount to ensure that the forging has no shrinkage cavity and serious deflection.
2. Forgings shall be forged on a forging press with sufficient capacity to ensure full penetration in the forging.
3. Forgings are not allowed to have visible cracks, folds and other appearance defects affecting use. Local defects can be removed, but the cleaning depth shall not exceed 75% of the machining allowance. The defects on the non machined surface of forgings shall be cleaned and smoothly transition.
4. Forgings shall be free of white spots, internal cracks and residual shrinkage cavities.
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