The world of steel: the secrets of different iron materials

As an environmentally friendly material, 1215 free-cutting steel is widely used in many fields. The following is a detailed introduction to it from the aspects of chemical composition, mechanical properties, delivery status, advantages, spot specifications and uses.

The chemical composition of 1215 free-cutting steel mainly includes carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus and other elements. Among them, the carbon content is ≤0.09%, the silicon content is 0.75~1.05%, the manganese content is 0.26~0.35%, the sulfur content is 0.04~0.09%, and the phosphorus content is also within a certain range. Free-cutting steel 1215 is made by adding sulfur to the steel to make it easy to cut, so that it is suitable for cutting hot-rolled cold-drawn steel and steel wire used in automatic production.

The tensile strength of 1215 free-cutting steel is excellent, 390-540MPa in hot-rolled state; in cold-drawn state, it varies according to the thickness or diameter of the steel, 530-755MPa in 8-20, 510-735MPa in 20-30, and 490-685MPa in >30. In terms of elongation, it is ≥22% in hot-rolled state and ≥7.0% in cold-rolled state. The shrinkage rate is ≥36% in hot-rolled state.

Diversity of shapes and specifications: By designing dies of different shapes, free-cutting steel with different cross-sectional shapes and different tolerances can be cold-drawn. The angles can be right angles or rounded.

High precision: Use high-quality carbide dies to ensure accurate and uniform tolerances.

Smooth surface: Advanced cold extrusion technology makes the surface of free-cutting steel products smooth and bright.

Large material savings: The cold drawing process cold-extrudes the raw materials to achieve the required shape, specifications and tolerances, with very little raw material consumption. Compared with the materials consumed by traditional lathe machining and cutting, the material and time saved by free-cutting steel are very considerable, especially when the material consumption is large, the material cost savings are more significant.

Savings in processing time and processing machinery: Due to accurate precision and good surface condition, free-cutting steel products can be used directly, such as spraying, sandblasting, bending, drilling, or directly electroplating after fine drawing according to actual requirements, eliminating a lot of machining time and saving the cost of configuring processing machinery.

1215 Free-cutting steel products are widely used in many fields.

In terms of mechanical equipment, it covers woodworking machinery, ceramic machinery, papermaking machinery, glass machinery, food machinery, construction machinery, plastic machinery, textile machinery, jacks, hydraulic presses, etc.; in terms of electrical product components, there are motor shafts, fan shafts, sewing machine shafts, etc.; in the furniture field, especially exported metal furniture, such as coffee tables, chairs, outdoor furniture; in terms of metal appliances, including garden tools, barbecue grills, screwdrivers, anti-theft locks, etc.; in terms of small hardware parts, such as guide rails, machine keys, nuts, screws, round nails, hexagonal nails, octagonal nails and various standard parts of different specifications; it is also widely used in the fields of automobile and motorcycle parts. It is mainly used for automatic cutting machine tools to process fasteners and standard parts, such as studs, screws, nuts, pipe joints, spring seats, etc.

1022 steel is a medium carbon low alloy steel, its chemical composition mainly includes carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus and silicon. Among them, the carbon content is between 0.17% and 0.23%, the manganese content is 0.60% - 0.90%, the sulfur content is ≤0.050%, and the phosphorus content is ≤0.040%. The silicon content varies in different materials, such as AISI 1022B carbon steel, the silicon content is 0.07 - 0.6%.

Density: 7.858 g/cc.

Melting point: 1425°C - 1450°C.

Tensile strength: 380 - 550 MPa.

Yield strength: 200 - 450 MPa.

Modulus of elasticity: 190 - 210 GPa.

Shear modulus: 80 GPa.

Poisson's ratio: 0.29.

Elongation at break: 20 - 35%.

Brinell hardness: 110 - 160.

Thermal conductivity: 50 W/m・K.

Specific heat capacity: 472 J/kg・K.

Linear expansion coefficient: 1.2×10⁻⁵ 1/°C.

1022 steel has good machinability and is easy to turn, mill, drill and grind. Its machinability rating is 65%, compared to 100% machinability of 1112 steel alloy. This good machinability allows it to meet the processing needs of various complex shapes during the manufacturing process.

1022 steel can be welded using gas metal arc welding (GMAW), manual metal arc welding (SMAW), and flux cored arc welding (FCAW). Preheating is required before welding to reduce cracking during welding due to thermal shock. The preheat temperature should be maintained between 150°C and 350°C, depending on the thickness of the material being welded, but should not exceed 400°C, otherwise temper embrittlement may occur, resulting in weld failure.

1022 steel has a wide range of applications, including but not limited to the following:

Fasteners: bolts, screws, studs and nuts.

General machinery and components: gears, shafts, couplings and bushings.

Automotive components: camshafts, crankshafts, connecting rods and engine components.

Construction and infrastructure: anchor bolts, structural supports and rebar.

Agricultural equipment: parts of plows, harrows and tillers.

Hand tools: wrenches, sockets and screwdrivers.

Axles and shafts: used in a variety of machinery and equipment.

General uses: brackets, supports, frames and small structural components.

1010 steel is low carbon steel with a carbon content of 0.1% and contains a small amount of silicon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus and other elements. The silicon content is between 0.15% and 0.35%, the manganese content is between 0.30% and 0.60%, the sulfur content is ≤0.050%, and the phosphorus content is ≤0.040%. Manganese can improve the strength and toughness of steel, while sulfur and phosphorus will affect the weldability and processability of steel, and silicon can improve the corrosion resistance of steel.

Mechanical manufacturing: In mechanical manufacturing, 1010 steel is often used to manufacture parts such as bolts, washers, partitions and housings. Due to its low mechanical strength, good plasticity and toughness, it is easy to mold in a cold state, easy to cut and process, and has good welding performance. Carburizing and cyaniding can be performed to increase the surface hardness. It can be used for cold rolling, cold punching, cold heading, cold bending, hot rolling and other process forming, and can also be used as carburized parts and carbonitriding parts with low core strength.

Building materials: In building materials, 1010 steel can be used to manufacture steel bars and steel pipes. Its good welding and forming properties enable it to play an important role in building structures and provide stable support for buildings.

Automobile manufacturing: In automobile manufacturing, 1010 steel can be used to manufacture car bodies, chassis, parts and accessories. It has good plasticity and welding properties, which can meet the requirements of the automobile manufacturing industry for materials.

The manufacturing process of 1010 steel mainly includes two processes: steelmaking and rolling. In the steelmaking process, ore is converted into steel billets. First, the steel ore is subjected to a series of smelting processes to remove impurities and adjust the chemical composition to meet the requirements of 1010 steel. Then, the refined molten steel is cast into steel billets. In the rolling process, the steel billets are processed into the required shape. Through processes such as hot rolling or cold rolling, the steel billets are rolled into steel plates and strips of different thicknesses, or drawn into round bars, wires and other shapes to meet the use requirements in different fields.

10B21 is a low-carbon alloy steel, and its chemical composition mainly includes carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, boron and other elements. Among them, the carbon content is 0.18-0.23%, the silicon content is ≤0.10%, the manganese content is 0.70-1.00%, the phosphorus content is ≤0.030%, the sulfur content is ≤0.035%, and the boron content is ≥0.0008%. The ratio of these components gives 10B21 alloy steel good plasticity and moderate strength, and the addition of boron can improve its hardenability.

The heat treatment process of 10B21 alloy steel mainly includes normalizing, annealing, quenching and tempering. Normalizing can improve the structure, refine the grains and eliminate internal stress; annealing can improve plasticity, reduce hardness and facilitate processing; quenching can improve hardness and strength, and tempering can reduce brittleness and improve toughness and plasticity.

The mechanical properties of 10B21 alloy steel are excellent, with a yield strength of 900 - 1200 MPa, a tensile strength of 1000 - 1300 MPa, an elongation of 10 - 15%, and an impact toughness of 45 - 65 J. These performance indicators make 10B21 alloy steel play an important role in a variety of applications.

The physical properties of 10B21 alloy steel are as follows: density is 7.85 g/cm³, melting point is 1420 - 1460℃, thermal expansion coefficient is 11.7 to 12.7 ×10⁻⁶/℃, and thermal conductivity is 49.8 - 51.4 W/m・K.

10B21 alloy steel is widely used in machinery manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, aerospace, power equipment and other fields. In machinery manufacturing, it is used to manufacture high-strength bolts, nuts, bearings, gears and other parts; in automobile manufacturing, it is used to manufacture wheels, drive shafts, nuts, bolts and other auto parts; in the aerospace field, it is used to manufacture parts that withstand high temperature and high pressure; in power equipment, it is used to manufacture various equipment that requires high strength and wear resistance.

10B21 alloy steel has good plasticity, which is convenient for cold heading and other processing technologies; moderate strength meets the use requirements of general mechanical parts; heat treatment effect is obvious, and its performance can be significantly improved through heat treatment; good corrosion resistance, can resist oxidation, corrosion and wear, and extend service life.

12L14 steel is a sulfur-free cutting structural steel. The lead in its chemical composition is distributed in the steel in the form of tiny single metal particles. During the cutting process, when strong friction occurs between the tool and the workpiece, the lead particles in the steel are molten and precipitated, thereby playing a lubricating role and improving the cutting performance. This characteristic makes 12L14 steel have the advantages of smooth cutting, excellent material, and stable processing. It has good metallographic structure, stable chemical composition, small deviation, pure steel, and is not easy to damage the tool. It is very easy to cut on a lathe, and the tool life and production efficiency are increased by 40%.

12L14 steel has good electroplating performance and is very easy to cut. It can drill deep holes, mill deep grooves, etc. The processing efficiency can be greatly improved compared to ordinary steel, and the surface finish of the workpiece after turning is good. The product has good electroplating performance and can replace copper products, greatly reducing product costs.

12L14 steel is widely used in the manufacture of precision instrument parts, auto parts, important parts of various machinery, as well as screws, nuts, bolts, pins, bearings, pin shafts, sleeves, screws, connectors, bearings and other parts. In terms of mechanical equipment, it can be used for the manufacture of parts for woodworking machinery, ceramic machinery, papermaking machinery, glass machinery, food machinery, construction machinery, plastic machinery, textile machinery, jacks, hydraulic presses, etc.; in terms of electrical product parts, it can be used for motor shafts, fan shafts, sewing machine shafts, etc.; in the furniture field, especially for export metal furniture, such as coffee tables, chairs, outdoor furniture, etc.; in terms of metal appliances, it can be used for garden tools, barbecue grill grids, screwdrivers, anti-theft locks, etc.; in terms of small hardware parts, such as guide rails, machine keys, nuts, screws, round nails, hexagonal nails, octagonal nails and various standard parts of different specifications; it is also applicable to the fields of automobile and motorcycle parts. However, due to its low contact fatigue, it is not suitable for parts such as gears and bearings that bear large fatigue stress loads.

The chemical composition of 40Cr mainly includes carbon, silicon, manganese, chromium and other elements. Among them, the carbon content is 0.37-0.44%, the silicon content is 0.17-0.37%, the manganese content is 0.50-0.80%, and the chromium content is 0.80-1.10%. In addition, it also contains a small amount of nickel, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, molybdenum and other elements. The reasonable ratio of these elements gives 40Cr good performance.

Excellent mechanical properties: 40Cr has excellent mechanical properties, with high tensile strength, usually tensile strength (σb/MPa) ≥810 (actual hardness 25HRC), yield strength (σs/MPa) ≥785. At the same time, 40Cr also has good impact toughness, which makes it more reliable when subjected to dynamic loads. After quenching and tempering, 40Cr shows good comprehensive mechanical properties and low-temperature impact toughness.

Good hardenability: 40Cr has good hardenability, and can be hardened to Ф28~60mm when water quenching, and Ф15~40mm when oil quenching. This means that it can obtain relatively uniform hardness and performance under different quenching conditions. Because of this, 40Cr is suitable for a variety of quenching treatments, such as high-frequency quenching, flame quenching, etc.

Good cutting performance: When the hardness is 174~229HB, the relative cutting processability of 40Cr is 60%. This characteristic makes it relatively easy to perform cutting operations when processing 40Cr materials, thus improving production efficiency. At the same time, normalizing treatment can further improve the cutting performance of the blank.

Mechanical manufacturing: In the field of mechanical manufacturing, 40Cr has a wide range of applications. For example, in automobile manufacturing, 40Cr is used to manufacture automobile steering knuckles, rear axles and other parts. In machine tool manufacturing, 40Cr can be used to manufacture key parts such as machine tool gears and shafts. According to statistics, about 70% of medium-sized machine tool gears are made of 40Cr.

Other fields: In addition to the field of mechanical manufacturing, 40Cr can also be used to manufacture high-load, low-impact and wear-resistant parts after different treatments. After quenching and medium-temperature tempering, 40Cr can be used to manufacture parts that withstand high loads, impacts and medium-speed work, such as gears, spindles, oil pump rotors, sliders, collars, etc. After quenching and low-temperature tempering, 40Cr can be used to manufacture parts that withstand heavy loads, low impacts and wear resistance, and the solid thickness on the cross section is less than 25mm, such as worms, spindles, shafts, collars, etc. In addition, 40Cr is also suitable for the manufacture of various transmission parts that undergo carbonitriding treatment, such as gears and shafts with large diameters and good low-temperature toughness.

The chemical composition of SS410 stainless steel mainly includes carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium and other elements. Among them, the carbon content is ≤0.15%, the silicon content is ≤1.00%, the manganese content is ≤1.00%, the phosphorus content is ≤0.040%, the sulfur content is ≤0.030%, and the chromium content is 11.50-13.50%. In addition, it may also contain a small amount of nickel, molybdenum, nitrogen, copper, steel, niobium and other elements.

Melting point: 1480～1530℃.

Specific heat capacity: 0.46kg/(kg・k) at 0～100℃.

Thermal conductivity: 24.2～28.9w/(m・k) at 100～500℃.

Linear expansion coefficient: 11～11.7×10⁻⁶/k at 100～500℃.

Resistivity: 0.57Ω・mm²/m at 20℃.

Longitudinal elastic modulus: 200GPa at 20℃.

Density: 7.7g/cm³.

Hardness: 200HBW in annealing state, 159HBW in quenching and tempering state, HRB is 93, and it has magnetic properties.

The heat treatment temperature is 800-900℃, and air cooling or slow cooling is adopted. The tensile strength is ≥440-540MPa, the elongation strength is ≥205-345MPa, the elongation is 20-55%, and the cross-sectional shrinkage is 78%.

SS410 stainless steel has good machinability, but poor processing formability and weldability. It has good corrosion resistance and machinability in weakly corrosive media with a temperature not exceeding 30 degrees. It also has rust and corrosion resistance in wet atmosphere and fresh water conditions, and has high thermal stability below 700 degrees.

Martensitic stainless steels are the most difficult stainless steels to weld because their chemical balance makes them harder, stronger and less ductile during heat treatment. SS410 stainless steel can be welded in the annealed, quenched, hardened and tempered conditions and usually produces satisfactory welds without post-weld heat treatment, but preheating is required. Usually preheat to 260°C; weld at this temperature; cool slowly below 65°C; temper. Steels with higher carbon contents (such as grades 420 and 440A) usually require post-weld heat treatment.

SS410 stainless steel is mainly used for parts with high toughness requirements and impact loads that are not rusted, such as knives, blades, fasteners, hydraulic press valves, thermal cracking sulfur corrosion-resistant equipment, etc. It can also be used to make parts of equipment that are resistant to weak corrosive media at room temperature. Oxidation-resistant parts below 650 degrees. Specific applications include:

Knife manufacturing: SS410 stainless steel has high hardness and strength and is suitable for making knives.

Blades: In some blade applications that require corrosion resistance and a certain strength, SS410 stainless steel can play a role.

Fasteners: Due to its good corrosion resistance and certain strength, it can be used for various fasteners.

Hydraulic press valves: In equipment such as hydraulic presses, the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of SS410 stainless steel make it suitable for valve parts.

Pyrolysis sulfur corrosion-resistant equipment: In some equipment involving thermal cracking and sulfur-containing corrosion environments, SS410 stainless steel can provide certain corrosion protection.

Tableware and surgical instruments: The hardness is higher after quenching, and different tempering temperatures have different strength and toughness combinations, making it suitable for tableware and surgical instruments.

65Mn steel is a high carbon spring steel with unique composition, properties and a wide range of uses.

The chemical composition of 65Mn steel is 0.62-0.70% carbon (C), 0.17-0.37% silicon (Si), 0.90-1.20% manganese (Mn), ≤0.035% sulfur (S), ≤0.035% phosphorus (P), ≤0.035% chromium (Cr), ≤0.25%, ≤0.30% nickel (Ni), and ≤0.25% copper (Cu). The higher manganese content improves the hardenability of the steel, so that φ12mm steel can be hardened in oil. At the same time, its surface decarburization tendency is smaller than that of silicon steel.

Tensile strength: The tensile strength of 65Mn steel is σb (MPa) ≥ 980 (100), which has high strength.

Yield strength: Yield strength σs (MPa) ≥ 784 (80), which can withstand a certain load without obvious plastic deformation.

Elongation: Elongation δ10 (%) ≥ 8, indicating that it has a certain ductility when subjected to force.

Sectional shrinkage: Sectional shrinkage ψ (%) ≥ 30, which reflects the plastic deformation ability of the material during the fracture process.

Hardness: Hardness ≤ 302HB in hot rolled state; after cold drawing + heat treatment, hardness ≤ 321HB.

The heat treatment specification is quenching 830℃±20℃, oil cooling; tempering 540℃±50℃ (±30℃ when special needs). The metallographic structure is troostite. After heat treatment, the comprehensive mechanical properties of 65Mn steel are significantly improved.

Performance advantages: 65Mn steel plate has higher strength, hardness, elasticity and hardenability than 65 steel. However, it also has a tendency to overheat and temper brittleness, and water quenching has a tendency to form cracks. The machinability of the annealed state is acceptable, the cold deformation plasticity is low, and the weldability is poor.

Appearance and performance: After quenching treatment, a blue oxide layer is formed on the surface of the 65Mn quenched blue full-hardened steel plate, which not only improves the appearance texture, but also increases the corrosion resistance. At the same time, the full hardening treatment makes the steel plate have extremely high hardness and strength.

Spring manufacturing: used as various small-sized flat and round springs, seat springs, spring springs, and can also be used to make spring rings, valve springs, clutches, brake springs, and cold-drawn steel wire cold-wound spiral springs.

Transportation tools: In transportation tools such as cars, trams, and trains, it can be used to manufacture key components such as carriages, frames, bogies, as well as auto parts, agricultural machinery, etc.

Construction and machinery manufacturing: In the construction field, it is often used to manufacture various building structural parts, such as building beams, columns, and plates. In machinery manufacturing, it can be used to manufacture machine tool beds, gears, bearings and other mechanical parts.

Other fields: widely used in the manufacturing fields of petrochemical equipment, ships, boilers, etc. It can also be used to manufacture cutting tools, especially forging tools such as hammers and hammer heads, which have high impact resistance and toughness. High wear-resistant parts, such as grinder spindles, spring chucks, precision machine tool screws, cutters, sleeve rings on spiral roller bearings, steel rails, etc.

65Mn 112502500, 65Mn 212502500, 65Mn 312502500, 65Mn 415006000, 65Mn 515006000, 65Mn 615006000, 65Mn 81500 - 40206000, 65Mn 101500 - 40206000, 65Mn 151500 - 40206000, 65Mn 201500 - 40206000, 65Mn 251500 - 40206000, etc.